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Depressive Symptoms and Heart Failure Stages

Received June 6, 2006; revised August 16, 2006; accepted August 30, 2006. From the Dept. of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Porto Medical School; Porto, Portugal. Send correspondence and reprint requests to Ana Azevedo, M.D., Dept. of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Porto Medical School; Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal; the Heart Failure Clinic, Dept. of Medicine, Hospital de S. João; Dept. of Cardiology, Hospital de S. João and University of Porto Medical School; and the Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Muenster; Muenster, Germany. e-mail: anazev{at}med.up.pt
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The authors measured depressive symptoms cross-sectionally, across evolving stages of heart failure as defined by the American College of Cardiology, from low risk, through high risk for heart failure (Stage A), asymptomatic cardiac dysfunction (Stage B), up to symptomatic heart failure (Stage C), in a community sample of 338 noninstitutionalized adults age 45 years. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Women scored significantly higher on the BDI. Adjusted BDI scores increased linearly with heart failure stages in women, whereas, in men, only Stage C was associated with a significantly higher score.

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