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Cancer Survival Probability as a Function of Ego Defense (Adaptive) Mechanisms Versus Depressive Symptoms

Received December 3, 2004; revised August 31, 2005; accepted September 29, 2005. From the VA Medical Center (Research 151) and the Dept. of Psychiatry, Univ. of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Beresford, VA Medical Center (116), 1055 Clermont St., Denver, CO 80220-0116. e-mail: thomas.beresford{at}uchsc.edu

Psychological treatment studies, uncontrolled for ego defense (adaptive) styles, report conflicting survival results. The authors hypothesized that "immature" adaptive styles and frequent depression symptoms would independently predict lower survival rates. This study followed 86 consecutive, mostly late-stage, cancer outpatients for up to 5 years; their survival data were analyzed in relation to the Beck Depression Inventory and the Defense Style Questionnaire scores at study entry. Cumulative survival probability curves contrasted the extreme cases: the most (N=15) to the least (N=21) depressed, and the "immature" (N=14) to the "mature" (N=16) adaptors. Depression did not separate the groups until 30 months after diagnosis. Ego defense style separated them at 8 months; by 18 months, the "immature" survival probability had dropped to 50%, versus 87% for the "mature." At 36 months, survival probabilities were 19% and 57%, respectively. These data direct clinical attention toward ego defense mechanisms as indicators of distress and lowered survival in cancer patients. They further suggest that the maturity of adaptive mechanisms must be controlled for in behavioral-treatment trials of cancer patients.

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